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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service

CFR Citation: 50 CFR Part 17

RIN ID: RIN 1018-AU48

NOTICE: PROPOSED RULES

ACTION: Endangered and threatened species:

DOCUMENT ACTION: Proposed rule.

SUBJECT CATEGORY: Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Amended Designation of Critical Habitat for the Wintering Population of the Piping Plover

DATES: We will accept comments from all interested parties until August 11, 2006. We must receive requests for public hearings, in writing, at the address shown in the ADDRESSES section by July 27, 2006.

DOCUMENT SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), propose to amend critical habitat for the wintering population of the piping plover (Charadrius melodus) in North Carolina under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act). In total, approximately 1,827 acres (ac) (739 hectares (ha)) fall within the boundaries of the proposed amended critical habitat designation, located in Dare and Hyde counties, North Carolina.

SUMMARY: Critical habitat designations—; Piping plover; wintering population,

SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION

Public Comments Solicited

We intend that any final action resulting from this proposal will be as accurate and as effective as possible. Therefore, comments or suggestions from the public, other concerned governmental agencies, the scientific community, industry, or any other interested party concerning this proposed rule are hereby solicited. We particularly seek comments concerning:
(1) The reasons any habitat should or should not be determined to be critical habitat as provided by section 4 of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.), including whether the benefit of designation will outweigh any threats to the species due to designation;
(2) Specific information on the amount and distribution of wintering piping plover habitat in North Carolina, and what areas should be included in the designation that were occupied at the time of listing that contain the features that are essential for the conservation of the species and why, and what areas were not occupied at the listing is essential to the conservation of the species and why; (3) Land use designations and current or planned activities in the subject areas and their possible impacts on proposed critical habitat; (4) Any foreseeable economic, national security, or other potential impacts resulting from the proposed designation and, in particular, any impacts on small entities;
(5) Whether our approach to designating critical habitat could be improved or modified in any way to provide for greater public participation and understanding, or to assist us in accommodating public concerns and comments;
(6) Whether our determination that areas identified as not being in need of special management is accurate; and
(7) Information to assist the Secretary of the Interior in evaluating habitat with physical and biological features essential to the conservation of the piping plover on Cape Hatteras National Seashore, administered by the National Park Service, based on any benefit provided by the Interim Protected Species Management Strategy/ Environmental Assessment (Interim Strategy) to the conservation of the wintering piping plover.

If you wish to comment, you may submit your comments and materials concerning this proposal by any one of
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several methods (see ADDRESSES section). Please submit email comments to ncplovercomments@fws.gov in ASCII file format and avoid the use of special characters or any form of encryption. Please also include ``Attn: Wintering Piping Plover Critical Habitat'' in your email subject header and your name and return address in the body of your message. If you do not receive a confirmation from the system that we have received your email message, contact us directly by calling our Raleigh Fish and Wildlife Office at phone number 9198564520. Please note that the email address ncplovercomments@fws.gov will be closed out at the termination of the public comment period.

Our practice is to make comments, including names and home addresses of respondents, available for public review during regular business hours. Individual respondents may request that we withhold their home addresses from the rulemaking record, which we will honor to the extent allowable by law. There also may be circumstances in which we would withhold from the rulemaking record a respondent's identity, as allowable by law. If you wish us to withhold your name and/or address, you must state this prominently at the beginning of your comment, but you should be aware that the Service may be required to disclose your name and address under the Freedom of Information Act. However, we will not consider anonymous comments. We will make all submissions from organizations or businesses, and from individuals identifying themselves as representatives or officials of organizations or businesses, available for public inspection in their entirety. Comments and materials received will be available for public inspection, by appointment, during normal business hours at the Raleigh Fish and Wildlife Office (see ADDRESSES).
Role of Critical Habitat in Actual Practice of Administering and Implementing the Act

Attention to and protection of habitat is paramount to successful conservation actions. The role that designation of critical habitat plays in protecting habitat of listed species, however, is often misunderstood. As discussed in more detail below in the discussion of exclusions under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, there are significant limitations on the regulatory effect of designation under section 7(a)(2) of the Act. In brief, (1) designation provides additional protection to habitat only where there is a Federal nexus; (2) the protection is relevant only when, in the absence of designation, destruction or adverse modification of the critical habitat would in fact take place (in other words, other statutory or regulatory protections, policies, or other factors relevant to agency decision making would not prevent the destruction or adverse modification); and (3) designation of critical habitat triggers the prohibition of destruction or adverse modification of that habitat, but it does not require specific actions to restore or improve habitat.

Currently, only 475 species, or 36 percent of the 1,312 listed species in the U.S. under the jurisdiction of the Service, have designated critical habitat. We address the habitat needs of all 1,312 listed species through conservation mechanisms such as listing, section 7 consultations, the section 4 recovery planning process, the section 9 protective prohibitions of unauthorized take, section 6 funding to the States, the section 10 incidental take permit process, and cooperative, nonregulatory efforts with private landowners. The Service believes that it is these measures that may make the difference between extinction and survival for many species.

In considering exclusions of areas proposed for designation, we evaluated the benefits of designation in light of Gifford Pinchot Task Force v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 378 F. 3d 1059 (9th Cir 2004). In that case, the Ninth Circuit invalidated the Service's regulation defining ``destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat.'' In response, on December 9, 2004, the Director issued guidance to be considered in making section 7 adverse modification determinations. This proposed critical habitat designation does not use the invalidated regulation in our consideration of the benefits of including areas in this final designation. The Service will carefully manage future consultations that analyze impacts to designated critical habitat, particularly those that appear to be resulting in an adverse modification determination. Such consultations will be reviewed by the Regional Office prior to finalizing to ensure that an adequate analysis has been conducted that is informed by the Director's guidance.

On the other hand, to the extent that designation of critical habitat provides protection, that protection can come at significant social and economic cost. In addition, the mere administrative process of designation of critical habitat is expensive, timeconsuming, and controversial. The current statutory framework of critical habitat, combined with past judicial interpretations of the statute, make critical habitat the subject of excessive litigation. As a result, critical habitat designations are driven by litigation and courts rather than biology, and made at a time and under a time frame that limits our ability to obtain and evaluate the scientific and other information required to make the designation most meaningful.

In light of these circumstances, the Service believes that additional agency discretion would allow our focus to return to those actions that provide the greatest benefit to the species most in need of protection.
Procedural and Resource Difficulties in Designating Critical Habitat

We have been inundated with lawsuits for our failure to designate critical habitat, and we face a growing number of lawsuits challenging critical habitat determinations once they are made. These lawsuits have subjected the Service to an everincreasing series of court orders and courtapproved settlement agreements, compliance with which now consumes nearly the entire listing program budget. This leaves the Service with little ability to prioritize its activities to direct scarce listing resources to the listing program actions with the most biologically urgent species conservation needs.

The consequence of the critical habitat litigation activity is that limited listing funds are used to defend active lawsuits, to respond to Notices of Intent (NOIs) to sue relative to critical habitat, and to comply with the growing number of adverse court orders. As a result, listing petition responses, the Service's own proposals to list critically imperiled species, and final listing determinations on existing proposals are all significantly delayed.

The accelerated schedules of courtordered designations have left the Service with limited ability to provide for public participation or to ensure a defectfree rulemaking process before making decisions on listing and critical habitat proposals, due to the risks associated with noncompliance with judicially imposed deadlines. This in turn fosters a second round of litigation in which those who fear adverse impacts from critical habitat designations challenge those designations. The cycle of litigation appears endless, and is very expensive, thus diverting resources from conservation actions that may provide relatively more benefit to imperiled species.

The costs resulting from the designation include legal costs, the cost of preparation and publication of the designation, the analysis of the
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economic effects and the cost of requesting and responding to public comment, and in some cases the costs of compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA; 42 U.S.C. 4371 et seq.). These costs, which are not required for many other conservation actions, directly reduce the funds available for direct and tangible conservation actions.

Background

In this proposed rule, it is our intent to discuss only those topics directly relevant to the amended designation of critical habitat for the wintering population of piping plover in North Carolina. For more information on piping plover wintering critical habitat, refer to the final rule designating critical habitat for the wintering population of the piping plover published in the Federal Register on July 10, 2001 (66 FR 36038).

The piping plover is a small, palecolored shorebird that breeds in three separate areas of North Americathe Northern Great Plains, the Great Lakes, and the Atlantic Coast. The piping plover winters in coastal areas of the United States from North Carolina to Texas, along the coast of eastern Mexico, and on Caribbean islands from Barbados to Cuba and the Bahamas (Haig and ElliottSmith 2004). Information from observation of colorbanded piping plovers indicates that the winter ranges of the breeding populations overlap to a significant degree. Therefore, the source breeding population of a given wintering individual cannot be determined in the field unless it has been banded or otherwise marked.

Piping plovers begin arriving on the wintering grounds in July, with some latenesting birds arriving in September. A few individuals can be found on the wintering grounds throughout the year, but sightings are rare in late May, June, and early July. Migration is poorly understood, but a recent study suggests that plovers use inland and coastal stopover sites when migrating from interior breeding areas to wintering grounds (V.D. Pompei and F. J. Cuthbert, unpublished data). Concentrations of spring and fall migrants also have been observed along the Atlantic Coast (USFWS 1996). In late February, piping plovers begin leaving the wintering grounds to migrate back to breeding sites. Northward migration peaks in late March, and by late May most birds have left the wintering grounds (Haig and ElliottSmith 2004). North Carolina is uniquely positioned in the species' range, being the only State where the piping plover's breeding and wintering ranges overlap and the birds are present yearround. A complete description of the biology and ecology of the piping plover can be found in Haig and ElliottSmith (2004).

Previous Federal Actions

The piping plover was listed as endangered in the Great Lakes watershed and threatened elsewhere within its range on December 11, 1985 (50 FR 50726). All piping plovers on migratory routes outside of the Great Lakes watershed or on their wintering grounds (which include the State of North Carolina) are listed as threatened under the Act.

On July 10, 2001, we designated 137 areas along the coasts of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas as critical habitat for the wintering population of the piping plover (66 FR 36038). This designation included approximately 1,798.3 miles (mi) (2,891.7 kilometers (km)) of mapped shoreline and approximately 165,211 ac (66,881 ha) of mapped areas along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts and along margins of interior bays, inlets, and lagoons.

In February 2003, two North Carolina counties (Dare and Hyde) and a beach access group (Cape Hatteras Access Preservation Alliance) filed a lawsuit challenging our designation of four units of critical habitat on the Cape Hatteras National Seashore, North Carolina (Units NC1, NC 2, NC4, and NC5). In its November 1, 2004 opinion, the court vacated and remanded the designation for these units to us for reconsideration (Cape Hatteras Access Preservation Alliance v. U.S. Department of Interior (344 F. Supp. 2d 108 (D.D.C. 2004)). The court indicated that the descriptions of critical habitat for the four units did not sufficiently exclude certain hard structures and other areas that did not contain primary constituent elements (PCEs) and ordered us to demonstrate that PCEs are found on areas that are designated. Also, although the court did not invalidate the PCEs themselves, it ordered us to clarify that the PCEs may require special management or protection pursuant to the Act. It also found that the designation of critical habitat must include compliance with NEPA. Furthermore, the court found that our economic analysis of the critical habitat designation was arbitrary and capricious in that it considered the impact of offroad vehicles and other human use of beaches but did not address information in the record about the possibility of closures of the beaches to such use or how offroad vehicle use might be affected by the designation. Finally, the court also found that we may have omitted from the economic analysis the costs of consulting on National Park Service actions, and ordered us to reconsider them. This proposed rule will address only those four courtvacated and remanded units (Units NC1, NC2, NC4, and NC5), with the exception of corrections to the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife found at 50 CFR 17.11(h) and minor edits to the regulatory language found in 50 CFR 17.95(b). All other areas remain as designated in the July 10, 2001, final critical habitat rule (66 FR 36038).

For more information on previous Federal actions concerning the piping plover, refer to the final listing rule published in the Federal Register on December 11, 1985 (50 FR 50726), or the final rule designating critical habitat for the wintering population of the piping plover published in the Federal Register on July 10, 2001 (66 FR 36038).

Critical Habitat

Critical habitat is defined in section 3 of the Act as(i) the specific areas within the geographical area occupied by a species, at the time it is listed in accordance with the Act, on which are found those physical or biological features (I) essential to the conservation of the species and (II) that may require special management considerations or protection; and (ii) specific areas outside the geographical area occupied by a species at the time it is listed, upon a determination that such areas are essential for the conservation of the species. Conservation, as defined under section 3 of the Act, means to use and the use of all methods and procedures which are necessary to bring any endangered species or threatened species to the point at which the measures provided pursuant to the Act are no longer necessary. Such methods and procedures include, but are not limited to, all activities associated with scientific resources management, such as research, census, law enforcement, habitat acquisition and maintenance, propagation, live trapping, and transplantation, and, in the extraordinary case where population pressures within a given ecosystem cannot be otherwise relieved, may include regulated taking.

Critical habitat receives protection under section 7 of the Act through the prohibition against destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat with regard to actions carried out, funded, or authorized by a Federal agency. Section 7 requires consultation on Federal actions that are likely to result in the destruction or adverse [[Page 33706]]
modification of critical habitat. The designation of critical habitat does not affect land ownership or establish a refuge, wilderness reserve, preserve, or other conservation area. Such designation does not allow government or public access to private lands. Section 7 is a purely protective measure and does not require implementation of restoration, recovery, or enhancement measures.

To be included in a critical habitat designation, the habitat within the area occupied by the species must first have features that are essential to the conservation of the species. Critical habitat designations identify, to the extent known using the best scientific data available, habitat areas that provide essential life cycle needs of the species (i.e., areas on which are found the primary constituent elements, as defined at 50 CFR 424.12(b)).

Habitat occupied at the time of listing may be included in critical habitat only if the essential features thereon may require special management or protection. Thus, we do not include areas where existing management is sufficient to conserve the species. (As discussed below, such areas may also be excluded from critical habitat pursuant to section 4(b)(2).) Accordingly, when the best available scientific data do not demonstrate that the conservation needs of the species require additional areas, we will not designate critical habitat in areas outside the geographical area occupied by the species at the time of listing. An area currently occupied by the species but not known to be occupied at the time of listing will likely, but not always, be essential to the conservation of the species and, therefore, typically included in the critical habitat designation.

The Service's Policy on Information Standards Under the Endangered Species Act, published in the Federal Register on July 1, 1994 (59 FR 34271), and section 515 of the Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 2001 (Pub. L. 106554; H.R. 5658) and the associated Information Quality Guidelines issued by the Service, provide criteria, establish procedures, and provide guidance to ensure that decisions made by the Service represent the best scientific data available. They require Service biologists to the extent consistent with the Act and with the use of the best scientific data available, to use primary and original sources of information as the basis for recommendations to designate critical habitat. When determining which areas are critical habitat, a primary source of information is generally the listing rule for the species. Additional information sources include the recovery plan for the species, articles in peerreviewed journals, conservation plans developed by States and counties, scientific status surveys and studies, biological assessments, or other unpublished materials and expert opinion or personal knowledge. All information is used in accordance with the provisions of section 515 of the Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 2001 (Pub. L. 106554; H.R. 5658) and the associated Information Quality Guidelines issued by the Service.

Section 4 of the Act requires that we designate critical habitat on the basis of the best scientific data available. Habitat is often dynamic, and species may move from one area to another over time. Furthermore, we recognize that designation of critical habitat may not include all of the habitat areas that may eventually be determined to be necessary for the recovery of the species. For these reasons, critical habitat designations do not signal that habitat outside the designation is unimportant or may not be required for recovery.

Areas that support populations, but are outside the critical habitat designation, will continue to be subject to conservation actions implemented under section 7(a)(1) of the Act and to the regulatory protections afforded by the section 7(a)(2) jeopardy standard, as determined on the basis of the best available information at the time of the action. Federally funded or permitted projects affecting listed species outside their designated critical habitat areas may still result in jeopardy findings in some cases. Similarly, critical habitat designations made on the basis of the best available information at the time of designation will not control the direction and substance of future recovery plans, habitat conservation plans, or other species conservation planning efforts if new information available to these planning efforts calls for a different outcome. Methods

As required by section 4(b) of the Act, we use the best scientific data available in determining areas that contain the physical and biological features that are essential to the conservation of the wintering population of the piping plover. We reviewed available information that pertains to the habitat requirements of this species. The material reviewed included data in reports submitted during section 7 consultations and by biologists holding section 10(a)(1)(A) recovery permits, research published in peerreviewed articles and presented in academic theses and agency reports, and recovery plans. To determine the most current distribution of piping plover in North Carolina, these areas were further evaluated using wintering piping plover occurrence data from the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission, the North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, and three international piping plover winter population censuses. We considered these data along with other occurrence data (including presence/absence survey data), research published in peerreviewed articles and presented in academic theses and agency reports, and information received during the development of the July 10, 2001, designation of critical habitat for wintering piping plovers (see final rule at 66 FR 36038). To map areas containing the physical and biological features determined to be essential to the conservation of the species (see Primary Constituent Elements for the Wintering Population of the Piping Plover section below), we used data on known piping plover wintering locations, regional Geographic Information Systems (GIS) coverages, digital aerial photographs, and regional shorelinedefining electronic files.

We have included those areas containing essential features along the coast for which occurrence data indicate a consistent use (observations over two or more wintering seasons) by piping plovers within this designation. We do not propose any areas outside the geographical area presently occupied by the species.

Delineating specific locations for designation as critical habitat for the piping plovers is difficult because the coastal areas they use are constantly changing due to storm surges, flood events, and other natural geophysical alterations of beaches and shoreline. Thus, to best ensure that areas containing features considered essential to the piping plover are included in this proposed designation, the textual unit descriptions of the units in the regulation constitute the definitive determination as to whether an area is within the critical habitat boundary. Our textual legal descriptions describe the area using reference points, including the areas from the landward boundaries to the mean of the lower low water (MLLW) (which encompasses intertidal areas with the features that are essential foraging areas for piping plovers), and describe areas within the unit that are utilized by the piping plover and contain the PCEs (e.g., upland areas used for roosting and wind tidal flats used for foraging). Our textual [[Page 33707]]
legal descriptions also exclude features and structures (e.g., buildings, roads) that are not or do not contain PCEs.

In order to capture the dynamic nature of the coastal habitat, and the intertidal areas used by the piping plover, we have textually described each unit as including the area from the MLLW height of each tidal day, as observed over the National Tidal Datum Epoch, landward to a point where PCEs no longer occur. The landward edge of the PCEs is generally demarcated by stable, denselyvegetated dune habitat which nonetheless may shift gradually over time.

Global Positioning System (GPS) data were gathered using a mobile handheld mapping unit with settings to allow for post processing or Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) enabled correction. A minimum of five positions were captured for each point location. Data were processed using mapping software and the points were output to a shapefile format. The point shapefile was checked for attribute accuracy and additional data fields were added to assign feature type. GIS point data were used to create lines. The lines were overlaid on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration digital ortho photographs and U.S. Geological Survey digital orthophotographs. These lines were refined to create the landward edge of the critical habitat polygons. To complete the polygons, a boundary was drawn in the ocean or sound to demarcate the MLLW. The line was drawn using 20foot Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) and contours to estimate the location of MLLW.

Primary Constituent Elements

In accordance with section 3(5)(A)(i) of the Act and regulations at 50 CFR 424.12, in determining which areas to propose as critical habitat, we consider those physical and biological features (PCEs) that are essential to the conservation of the species, and within areas occupied by the species at the time of listing, that may require special management considerations and protection. These include, but are not limited to, space for individual and population growth and for normal behavior; food, water, air, light, minerals, or other nutritional or physiological requirements; cover or shelter; sites for breeding, reproduction, and rearing (or development) of offspring; and habitats that are protected from disturbance or are representative of the historic geographical and ecological distributions of a species.

The specific primary constituent elements required for the wintering population of the piping plover are derived from the biological needs of the species, as described in the Background section of the final rule designating critical habitat for the wintering population of the piping plover published in the Federal Register on July 10, 2001 (66 FR 36038).
Primary Constituent Elements for the Wintering Population of the Piping Plover

Pursuant to our regulations, we are required to identify the known physical and biological features (i.e., primary constituent elements (PCEs)) essential to the conservation of the wintering population of the piping plover. All areas proposed as critical habitat for the wintering population of the piping plover are occupied, within the species' historic geographical range, and contain sufficient PCEs to support at least one life history function.

In Cape Hatteras Access Preservation Alliance v. U.S. Dept of the Interior, 344 F. Supp. 2d 108 (D.D.C. 2004), the Court upheld the PCEs identified in our July 10, 2001, final rule designating critical habitat for the wintering population of the piping plover (66 FR 36038). Thus, based on the best available scientific information, we are not changing PCEs previously identified. They constitute the features that are essential for the conservation of wintering piping plovers. The PCEs are found in geologically dynamic coastal areas that support intertidal beaches and flats (between annual low tide and annual high tide) and associated dune systems and flats above annual high tide.

Essential components (primary constituent elements) of wintering piping plover habitat include sand and/or mud flats with no or very sparse emergent vegetation. In some cases, these flats may be covered or partially covered by a mat of bluegreen algae. Adjacent unvegetated or sparsely vegetated sand, mud, or algal flats above high tide are also essential, especially for roosting piping plovers. Such sites may have debris, detritus (decaying organic matter), or microtopographic relief (less than 50 cm above substrate surface) offering refuge from high winds and cold weather. Essential components of the beach/dune ecosystem include surfcast algae for feeding of prey, sparsely vegetated backbeach (beach area above mean high tide seaward of the dune line, or in cases where no dunes exist, seaward of a delineating feature such as a vegetation line, structure, or road) for roosting and refuge during storms, spits (a small point of land, especially sand, running into water) for feeding and roosting, salterns (bare sand flats in the center of mangrove ecosystems that are found above mean high water and are only irregularly flushed with sea water) and washover areas for feeding and roosting. Washover areas are broad, unvegetated zones with little or no topographic relief that are formed and maintained by the action of hurricanes, storm surge, or other extreme wave action. Several of these components (sparse vegetation, little or no topographic relief) are mimicked in artificial habitat types used less commonly by piping plovers, but that are considered critical habitat (e.g., dredge spoil sites).

This proposed designation is designed for the conservation of PCEs necessary to support the life history functions of piping plover. Because not all life history functions require all the PCEs, not all proposed critical habitat will contain all the PCEs.

Each of the areas proposed in this rule have been determined to contain sufficient PCEs to provide for one or more of the life history functions of the wintering population of the piping plover. In some cases, the PCEs exist as a result of ongoing Federal actions. As a result, ongoing Federal actions at the time of designation will be included in the baseline in any consultation conducted subsequent to this designation.

Criteria Used To Identify Critical Habitat

We are proposing to designate critical habitat on certain lands in North Carolina that we have determined contain habitat with features essential to the conservation of the wintering population of the piping plover. As required by section 4(b)(1)(A) of the Act, we use the best scientific data available in determining areas that contain the features that are essential to the conservation of the wintering population of the piping plover, as discussed in the ``Methods'' section above.

The units were delineated by compiling existing relevant spatial data of the unit descriptions described in our 2001 final rule designating critical habitat for the wintering population of the piping plover (66 FR 36038), generating new ontheground GPS basemapping to refine the existing descriptions, and mapping the descriptions in such a manner that the units contain the PCEs (as described) and do not contain any structures or other features that are not identified as PCEs. To the maximum extent possible, unit boundaries were drawn to exclude manmade structures or their ancillary facilities. To ensure that no manmade features are included in critical habitat,
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these features are expressly excluded by text in the Regulations Promulgation section of the rule. Critical habitat starts immediately at the edge of such features. Using the information compiled above, GIS was used to analyze and integrate the relevant data layers for the areas of interest in order to determine those areas that include PCEs. See ``Methods'' section above for additional discussion of mapping techniques.

We excluded areas from consideration that did not contain one or more of the proposed PCEs or where: (1) The area was highly degraded and may not be restorable; (2) the area was small, highly fragmented, or isolated and may provide little or no longterm conservation value; and (3) other areas within the geographic region were determined to be sufficient to meet the species needs for conservation. We included areas containing one or more PCEs where occurrence data exists and where the area: (1) Provided a patchwork of the features essential for the conservation of the species; (2) offered dispersal capabilities or were in proximity to other wintering piping plover occurrences that would allow for survival and recolonization following major natural disturbance events (e.g., nor'easters, hurricanes); (3) were of sufficient size to maintain the physical and biological features that support occurrences; and (4) were representative of the historic geographic distribution of occupied areas that will help prevent further range collapse of the species. Areas are proposed based on them containing sufficient PCEs to support wintering piping plover life processes.

Within the area (NC1, NC2, NC4, NC5) vacated and remanded to the Service for reconsideration in Cape Hatteras Access Preservation Alliance v. U.S. Dept of the Interior, 344 F. Supp. 2d 108 (D.D.C. 2004), we found no unoccupied areas essential to the conservation of the species and therefore propose no areas in North Carolina outside the geographical area presently occupied by the species. We are proposing to designate critical habitat on lands that we have determined were occupied at the time of listing and contain sufficient PCEs to support life history functions essential for the conservation of the species.

Special Management Considerations or Protections

When designating critical habitat, we assess whether the areas determined to be occupied at the time of listing and containing the primary constituent elements may require special management considerations or protections. As we undertake the process of designating critical habitat for a species, we first evaluate lands defined by those physical and biological features essential to the conservation of the species for inclusion in the designation under section 3(5)(A) of the Act. Secondly, we evaluate lands defined by those features to assess whether they may require special management considerations or protection. Primary threats to the wintering population of piping plover that may require special management or protection are disturbance of foraging and roosting plovers (e.g., by flushing birds or disrupting normal feeding or roosting times and causing excessive alertness or abandonment of the area) by humans (e.g., walking on the beach, flying kites, shooting fireworks), vehicles (e.g., driving on the beach), and domestic animals (e.g., pets being turned loose on the beach); predation (e.g., increased numbers of predators that are attracted to the human presence); and disturbance to and loss of habitat due to uncontrolled recreational access (e.g., off road vehicles, pedestrians, domestic animals) and beach stabilization efforts (e.g., beach nourishment, sediment dredging and disposal, inlet channelization, construction of jetties and groins and other hard structures) that prevent natural coastal processes (i.e., the natural transfer and erosion and accretion of sediments along the ocean shoreline). To address the threats affecting the wintering population of the piping plover within each of the proposed critical habitat units, certain special management actions may be needed. For example, the high level of offroad vehicle (ORV) and pedestrian use of the areas, as discussed in the critical habitat unit descriptions below, may require managing access to piping plover foraging habitat and adjacent upland roosting habitat during migration and overwintering periods. Managing access to these foraging and roosting areas may assist in the protection of PCEs and piping plovers by reducing disturbance to PCEs potentially caused by ORV use, pedestrians, and pets. Managing access might also improve the available habitats for conservation of piping plovers.

In addition, in evaluating areas proposed for the designation of critical habitat, we have determined that the following areas which contain the PCEs do not require special management or consideration and therefore are not proposed for designation. Please see ``Application of Section 3(5)(A) and Exclusions Under Section 4(b)(2) of the Act'' for additional discussion concerning our determination on these lands. (1) The following islands owned by the State of North Carolina located within or in proximity to Oregon, Hatteras, and Ocracoke inlets, in Dare and Hyde counties: DR00505 and DR00506 (Oregon Inlet, Dare County) and DR00903/04 (Hatteras Inlet, Dare and Hyde counties). These islands are specifically managed for waterbirds by the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission. The Commission has developed a conservation strategy that identifies the piping plover as a priority species needing research, survey, and monitoring efforts to assist in restoration and conservation efforts.
(2) 237 ac (96 ha) of Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge (Dare County). The refuge has a statutory mandate to manage the refuge for the conservation of listed species, and a draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan (USFWS 2006) provides a detailed implementation plan which includes preserving, protecting, creating, restoring and managing foraging and roosting habitats for the piping plover.

Proposed Amended Critical Habitat Designation

We are proposing four units of critical habitat in North Carolina for the wintering population of the piping plover. The critical habitat units described below constitute our best assessment, at this time, of the areas determined to be occupied at the time of listing, that contain one or more of the primary constituent elements and that may require special management or protection. The four areas proposed as critical habitat in this amendment are: Unit NC1 Oregon Inlet, Unit NC2 Cape Hatteras Point, Unit NC4 Hatteras Inlet, and Unit NC5 Ocracoke Island, as described below. These units cover the same general areas as those vacated by Cape Hatteras Access Preservation Alliance v. U.S. Dept of the Interior, 344 F. Supp. 2d 108 (D.D.C. 2004), although they have been refined to exclude areas that do not contain the PCEs or require special management or protection and to reflect mapping techniques conducted in compliance with the court order. For ease of future management, these units are retaining the same naming as used in the July 10, 2001, critical habitat designation (66 FR 36038). In addition, this rule does not propose to alter or in any way amend the remaining 133 units of designated critical habitat that were not vacated by Cape Hatteras Access Preservation
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Alliance v. U.S. Dept of the Interior, 344 F. Supp. 2d 108 (D.D.C. 2004).

The approximate area encompassed within each proposed critical habitat unit is shown in Table 1.
Table 1.Critical Habitat Units Proposed for the Wintering Population of the Piping Plover in North Carolina.
[Area estimates reflect all land within critical habitat unit boundaries.]
Critical habitat unit Land ownership Acres/Hectares Unit NC1 Oregon Inlet........ Federal.............. 284.0 (114.9) Unit NC2 Cape Hatteras Point. Federal.............. 645.8 (261.4) Unit NC4 Hatteras Inlet...... Federal.............. 395.6 (160.1) Unit NC5 Ocracoke Island..... Federal.............. 501.8 (203.0)

Total..................... ..................... 1827.2 (739.4)

We present brief descriptions of all units, and reasons why they meet the definition of critical habitat for the wintering population of the piping plover, below. These units contain the features essential to the conservation of the species. Areas within the units contain a contiguous mix of intertidal beaches and sand and/or mud flats (between annual low tide and annual high tide) with no or very sparse emergent vegetation, and adjacent areas of unvegetated or sparsely vegetated dune systems and sand and/or mud flats above annual high tide. While no one portion of the proposed units contains every PCE, each unit contains sufficient PCEs to support life history functions essential for the conservation of the species.

Unit NC1: Oregon Inlet

Unit NC1 is approximately 1.7 mi (2.8 km) long, and consists of 284 ac (114.9 ha) of sandy beach and inlet spit habitat on Bodie Island in Dare County, North Carolina. This is the northernmost critical habitat unit proposed within the wintering range of the piping plover and is entirely within the Cape Hatteras National Seashore. Oregon Inlet is the northernmost inlet in coastal North Carolina, approximately 12 mi (19.3 km) southeast of the Town of Manteo, the county seat of Dare County. The proposed unit at Oregon Inlet is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east and Pamlico Sound on the west and includes lands from the MLLW on the Atlantic Ocean shoreline to the line of stable, densely vegetated dune habitat (which is not used by piping plovers and where primary constituent elements do not occur) and from the MLLW on the Pamlico Sound side to the line of stable, densely vegetated habitat, or (where a line of stable, densely vegetated dune habitat does not exist) lands from MLLW on the Atlantic Ocean shoreline to the MLLW on the Pamlico Sound side. It begins at the edge of Ramp 4 near the Oregon Inlet Fishing Center on Bodie Island and extends approximately 1.7 mi (2.8 km) south to Oregon Inlet, and includes Green Island and any emergent sandbars south and west of Oregon Inlet. This unit contains the features essential to the conservation of the species (i.e., PCEs), as discussed above.

As we discuss in ``Application of Section 3(5)(A) and Exclusions Under Section 4(b)(2) of the Act'' below, this unit does not include Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge or lands owned by the State of North Carolina such as islands DR00505 and DR00506. In addition, this unit does not include the Oregon Inlet Fishing Center, NC Highway 12, and the Bonner Bridge or its associated structures, or any of their ancillary facilities (e.g., parking lots, outbuildings). All of these features occur outside the boundary of the unit except for a small number of supports for Bonner Bridge, which are within the boundary but are excluded from critical habitat by text. Critical habitat begins immediately at the base of these supports.

Consistent use by wintering piping plovers has been reported at Oregon Inlet dating from the mid1960s. As many as 100 piping plovers were reported from a single day survey during the fall migration (NCWRC unpublished data). Christmas bird counts regularly recorded 20 to 30 plovers using the area. Recent surveys have also recorded consistent and repeated use of the area by banded piping plovers from the endangered Great Lakes breeding population (J. Stucker, University of Minnesota unpublished data). However, the overall number of piping plovers reported using the area has declined since the species was listed in 1986 (NCWRC unpublished data), which corresponds to increases in the number of human users (NPS 2005) and offroad vehicles (Davis and Truett 2000).

Oregon Inlet is one of the first beach access points for ORVs within Cape Hatteras National Seashore when traveling from the developed coastal communities of Nags Head, Kill Devil Hills, Kitty Hawk, and Manteo. As such, the inlet spit is a popular area for ORV users to congregate. A recent visitor use study of the park reported that Oregon Inlet is the second most popular ORV use area in the park (Vogelsong 2003). The majority of the Cape Hatteras National Seashore users in this area are ORV owners and recreational fishermen. As a result, sandy beach and mud and sand flat habitat being proposed as critical habitat in this unit may require special management considerations or protection, as discussed in ``Special Management Considerations or Protections'' above.

Unit NC2: Cape Hatteras Point

Unit NC2 consists of 645.8 ac (261.4 ha) of sandy beach and sand and mud flat habitat in Dare County, North Carolina. Cape Hatteras Point (also known as Cape Point or Hatteras Cove) is located south of the Cape Hatteras Lighthouse. The unit extends south approximately 2.8 mi (4.5 km) from the ocean groin near the old location of the Cape Hatteras Lighthouse to the point of Cape Hatteras, and then extends west 4.7 mi (7.6 km) along Hatteras Cove shoreline (South Beach) to the edge of Ramp 49 near the Frisco Campground. This unit includes lands from the MLLW on the Atlantic Ocean shoreline to the line of stable, densely vegetated dune habitat (which is not used by piping plovers and where PCEs do not occur). This unit contains the features essential to the conservation of the species (i.e., PCEs), as discussed above. This unit does not include the ocean groin.

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Consistent use by wintering piping plover has been reported at Cape Hatteras Point since the early 1980s, but the specific area of use was not consistently recorded in earlier reports. Often piping plovers found at Cape Hatteras Point, Cape Hatteras Cove, and Hatteras Inlet were reported as a collective group. However, more recent surveys report plover use at Cape Hatteras Point independently from Hatteras Inlet. These single day surveys have recorded as many as 13 piping plovers a day during migration (NCWRC unpublished data). Christmas bird counts regularly recorded 2 to 11 plovers using the area.

Cape Hatteras Point is located near the Town of Buxton, the largest community on Hatteras Island. For that reason, Cape Hatteras Point is a popular area for ORV and recreational fishing. A recent visitor use study of the park found that Cape Hatteras Point had the most ORV use within the park (Vogelsong 2003). As a result, sandy beach and mud and sand flat habitat being proposed as critical habitat in this unit may require special management considerations or protection, as discussed in ``Special Management Considerations or Protections'' above. Unit NC4: Hatteras Inlet

Unit NC4 is approximately 4.7 mi (7.6 km) long, and consists of 395.6 ac (160.1 ha) of sandy beach and inlet spit habitat on the western end of Hatteras Island and the eastern end of Ocracoke Island in Dare and Hyde counties, North Carolina. The unit begins at the first beach access point at the edge of Ramp 55 near the Graveyard of the Atlantic Museum on the western end of Hatteras Island and continues southwest to the beach access at the edge of the oceanside parking lot near Ramp 59 on the northeastern end of Ocracoke Island. This unit includes lands from the MLLW on the Atlantic Ocean shoreline to the line of stable, densely vegetated dune habitat (which is not used by the piping plover and where PCEs do not occur) and from the MLLW on the Pamlico Sound side to the line of stable, densely vegetated habitat, or (where a line of stable, densely vegetated dune habitat does not exist) lands from MLLW on the Atlantic Ocean shoreline to the MLLW on the Pamlico Sound side. The proposed unit at Hatteras Inlet includes all emergent sandbars within Hatteras Inlet. This unit contains the features essential to the conservation of the species (i.e., PCEs), as discussed above.

As we discuss in ``Application of Section 3(5)(A) and Exclusions Under Section 4(b)(2) of the Act'' below, this unit does not include lands owned by the State of North Carolina such as Island DR00903/04. In addition, the unit does not include the Graveyard of the Atlantic Museum, the ferry terminal, the groin on Ocracoke Island, NC Highway 12, or their ancillary facilities (e.g., parking lots, out buildings). All of these features occur outside the boundary of the proposed unit.

Consistent use by wintering piping plover has been reported at Hatteras Inlet since the early 1980s, but the specific area of use was not consistently recorded in earlier reports. Often piping plovers found at Cape Hatteras Point, Cape Hatteras Cove, and Hatteras Inlet were reported as a collective group. However, more recent surveys report plover use at Hatteras Inlet independently from Cape Hatteras Point. These single day surveys have recorded as many as 40 piping plovers a day during migration (NCWRC unpublished data). Christmas bird counts regularly recorded 2 to 11 plovers using the area. Recent surveys have also recorded consistent and repeated use of the area by banded piping plovers from the endangered Great Lakes breeding population (J. Stucker, University of Minnesota unpublished data). However, the overall numbers of piping plovers reported using the area has declined in the last 10 years (NCWRC unpublished data), corresponding with increases in the number of human users (NPS 2005) and ORVs (Davis and Truett 2000).

Hatteras Inlet is located near the Village of Hatteras, Dare County, and is the southernmost point of Cape Hatteras National Seashore that can be reached without having to take a ferry. As such, the inlet is a popular offroad vehicle and recreational fishing area. In fact, a recent visitor use study of the park found Hatteras Inlet the fourth most used area by offroad vehicles in the park (Vogelsong 2003). As a result, sandy beach and mud and sand flat habitat being proposed as critical habitat in this unit may require special management considerations or protection, as discussed in ``Special Management Considerations or Protections'' above.

Unit NC5: Ocracoke Island

Unit NC5 consists of 501.8 ac (203.0 ha) of sandy beach and mud and sand flat habitat in Hyde County, North Carolina. The unit includes the western portion of Ocracoke Island beginning at the beach access point at the edge of Ramp 72 (South Point Road), extending west approximately 2.1 mi (3.4 km) to Ocracoke Inlet, and then back east on the Pamlico Sound side to a point where stable, densely vegetated dune habitat meets the water. This unit includes lands from the MLLW on the Atlantic Ocean shoreline to the line of stable, densely vegetated dune habitat (which is not used by the piping plover and where primary constituent elements do not occur) and from the MLLW on the Pamlico Sound side to the line of stable, densely vegetated habitat, or (where a line of stable, densely vegetated dune habitat does not exist) lands from MLLW on the Atlantic Ocean shoreline to the MLLW on the Pamlico Sound side. The unit includes all emergent sandbars within Ocracoke Inlet. This unit contains the features essential to the conservation of the species (i.e., PCEs), as discussed above. The unit is adjacent to but does not include NC Highway 12, any portion of the maintained South Point Road at Ramp 72, or any of their ancillary facilities.

Ocracoke Island had inconsistent recorded use by wintering piping plovers in the early 1980s, and Christmas bird counts recorded only 1 to 6 plovers using the area throughout the early 1990s. However, since the late 1990s when regular and consistent surveys of the area were conducted, as many as 72 piping plovers have been recorded during migration, and 4 to 18 plovers have been regularly recorded during the overwinter period (NCWRC unpublished data). Recent surveys have also recorded consistent and repeated use of the area by banded piping plovers from the endangered Great Lakes breeding population (J. Stucker, University of Minnesota unpublished data).

Ocracoke Inlet is located near the Village of Ocracoke, and is the southernmost point of the Cape Hatteras National Seashore. Ocracoke Island is only accessible by ferry. As such, the island is a popular destination for vacationers and locals interested in seclusion. The inlet is also a popular recreational fishing and ORV area. A recent visitor use study of the park reported Ocracoke Inlet was the third most popular ORV use area in the park (Vogelsong 2003). As a result, the primary threat to the wintering piping plover and its habitat within this unit is disturbance to and degradation of foraging and roosting areas by ORVs and by people and their pets. Therefore, sandy beach and mud and sand flat habitat being proposed as critical habitat in this unit may require special management considerations or protection, as discussed in ``Special Management Considerations or Protections'' above.
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Effects of Critical Habitat Designation

Section 7 Consultation

Section 7 of the Act requires Federal agencies, including the Service, to ensure that actions they fund, authorize, or carry out are not likely to destroy or adversely modify critical habitat. In our regulations at 50 CFR 402.02, we define destruction or adverse modification as ``a direct or indirect alteration that appreciably diminishes the value of critical habitat for both the survival and recovery of a listed species. Such alterations include, but are not limited to, alterations adversely modifying any of those physical or biological features that were the basis for determining the habitat to be critical.'' However, recent decisions by the 5th and 9th Circuit Court of Appeals have invalidated this definition (see Gifford Pinchot Task Force v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 378 F.3d 1059 (9th Cir 2004) and Sierra Club v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service et al., 245 F.3d 434, 442F (5th Cir 2001)). Pursuant to current national policy and the statutory provisions of the Act, destruction or adverse modification is determined on the basis of whether, with implementation of the proposed Federal action, the affected critical habitat would remain functional (or retain the current ability for the PCEs to be functionally established) to serve the intended conservation role for the species.

Section 7(a) of the Act requires Federal agencies, including the Service, to evaluate their actions with respect to any species that is proposed or listed as endangered or threatened and with respect to its critical habitat, if any is proposed or designated. Regulations implementing this interagency cooperation provision of the Act are codified at 50 CFR part 402.

Section 7(a)(4) of the Act requires Federal agencies to confer with us on any action that is likely to jeopardize the continued existence of a proposed species or result in destruction or adverse modification of proposed critical habitat. This is a procedural requirement only. However, once a proposed species becomes listed, or proposed critical habitat is designated as final, the full prohibitions of section 7(a)(2) apply to any Federal action. The primary utility of the conference procedures is to maximize the opportunity for a Federal agency to adequately consider proposed species and critical habitat and avoid potential delays in implementing their proposed action as a result of the section 7(a)(2) compliance process, should those species be listed or the critical habitat designated.

Under conference procedures, the Service may provide advisory conservation recommendations to assist the agency in eliminating conflicts that may be caused by the proposed action. The Service may conduct either informal or formal conferences. Informal conferences are typically used if the proposed action is not likely to have any adverse effects to the proposed species or proposed critical habitat. Formal conferences are typically used when the Federal agency or the Service believes the proposed action is likely to cause adverse effects to proposed species or critical habitat, inclusive of those that may cause jeopardy or adverse modification.

The results of an informal conference are typically transmitted in a conference report; while the results of a formal conference are typically transmitted in a conference opinion. Conference opinions on proposed critical habitat are typically prepared according to 50 CFR 402.14, as if the proposed critical habitat were designated. We may adopt the conference opinion as the biological opinion when the critical habitat is designated, if no substantial new information or changes in the action alter the content of the opinion (see 50 CFR 402.10(d)). As noted above, any conservation recommendations in a conference report or opinion are strictly advisory.

If a species is listed or critical habitat is designated, section 7(a)(2) of the Act requires Federal agencies to ensure that activities they authorize, fund, or carry out are not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of such a species or to destroy or adversely modify its critical habitat. If a Federal action may affect a listed species or its critical habitat, the responsible Federal agency (action agency) must enter into consultation with us. As a result of this consultation, compliance with the requirements of section 7(a)(2) will be documented through the Service's issuance of: (1) A concurrence letter for Federal actions that may affect, but are not likely to adversely affect, listed species or critical habitat; or (2) a biological opinion for Federal actions that may affect, but are likely to adversely affect, listed species or critical habitat.

When we issue a biological opinion concluding that a project is likely to result in jeopardy to a listed species or the destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat, we also provide reasonable and prudent alternatives to the project, if any are identifiable. ``Reasonable and prudent alternatives'' are defined at 50 CFR 402.02 as alternative actions identified during consultation that can be implemented in a manner consistent with the intended purpose of the action, that are consistent with the scope of the Federal agency's legal authority and jurisdiction, that are economically and technologically feasible, and that the Director believes would avoid jeopardy to the listed species or destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat. Reasonable and prudent alternatives can vary from slight project modifications to extensive redesign or relocation of the project. Costs associated with implementing a reasonable and prudent alternative are similarly variable.

Regulations at 50 CFR 402.16 require Federal agencies to reinitiate consultation on previously reviewed actions in instances where critical habitat is subsequently designated that may be affected and the Federal agency has retained discretionary involvement or control over the action or such discretionary involvement or control is authorized by law. Consequently, some Federal agencies may request reinitiation of consultation with us on actions for which formal consultation has been completed, if those actions may affect subsequently listed species or designated critical habitat or adversely modify or destroy proposed critical habitat.

Federal activities that may affect the wintering population of the piping plover or its designated critical habitat will require section 7 consultation under the Act. Activities on State, tribal, local or private lands requiring a Federal permit (such as a permit from the Corps under section 404 of the Clean Water Act or a permit under section 10(a)(1)(B) of the Act from the Service) or involving some other Federal action (such as funding from the Federal Highway Administration, Federal Aviation Administration, or the Federal Emergency Management Agency) will also continue to be subject to the section 7 consultation process. Federal actions not affecting listed species or critical habitat, and actions on State, tribal, local or private lands that are not federally funded, authorized, or permitted, do not require section 7 consultations.
Application of the Jeopardy and Adverse Modification Standards for Actions Involving Effects to the Wintering Population of the Piping Plover and Its Critical Habitat

Jeopardy Standard

Prior to and following designation of critical habitat, the Service has applied an analytical framework for wintering population of the piping plover
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jeopardy analyses that relies heavily on the importance of core area populations to the survival and recovery of the wintering population of the piping plover. The section 7(a)(2) analysis is focused not only on these populations but also on the habitat conditions necessary to support them.

The jeopardy analysis usually expresses the survival and recovery needs of the wintering population of the piping plover in a qualitative fashion without making distinctions between what is necessary for survival and what is necessary for recovery. Generally, if a proposed Federal action is incompatible with the viability of a core area population(s), inclusive of associated habitat conditions, a jeopardy finding is considered to be warranted, because of the relationship of each core area population to the survival and recovery of the species as a whole.

Adverse Modification Standard

The analytical framework described in the Director's December 9, 2004, memorandum is used to complete section 7(a)(2) analyses for Federal actions affecting wintering population of the piping plover critical habitat. The key factor related to the adverse modification determination is whether, with implementation of the proposed Federal action, the affected critical habitat would remain functional (or retain the current ability for the primary constituent elements to be functionally established) to serve the intended conservation role for the species. Generally, the conservation role of wintering population of the piping plover critical habitat units is to support viable core area populations.

Section 4(b)(8) of the Act requires us to briefly evaluate and describe in any proposed or final regulation that designates critical habitat those activities involving a Federal action that may destroy or adversely modify such habitat, or that may be affected by such designation. Activities that may destroy or adversely modify critical habitat may also jeopardize the continued existence of the species. Activities that may destroy or adversely modify critical habitat are those that alter the PCEs to an extent that the conservation value of critical habitat for the wintering population of the piping plover is appreciably reduced. Activities that, when carried out, funded, or authorized by a Federal agency, may affect critical habitat and therefore result in consultation for the wintering population of the piping plover include, but are not limited to:
(1) Actions that would significantly and detrimentally alter the hydrology of tidal mud and sand flats or ephemeral ponds or pools. (2) Actions that would significantly and detrimentally alter the input of sediments and nutrients necessary for the maintenance of geomorphic and biologic processes that ensure appropriately configured and productive beach systems.
(3) Actions that would introduce significant amounts of emergent vegetation.
(4) Actions that would significantly and detrimentally alter the topography of a site (such alteration may affect the hydrology of an area or may render an area unsuitable for roosting).
(5) Actions that would reduce the value of a site by significantly disturbing plovers from activities such as foraging and roosting. (6) Actions that would significantly and detrimentally alter water quality, that may lead to decreased diversity or productivity of prey organisms or may have direct detrimental effects on piping plovers. (7) Actions

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT Pete Benjamin, Field Supervisor, Raleigh Fish and Wildlife Office, telephone 9198564520, facsimile 9198564556.